Ecological greenhouse agriculture refers to an ecological farming model that utilizes clean, green, and healthy production methods for greenhouse planting and breeding. Its goal is to improve resource use efficiency, enhance agricultural product yield and quality, and promote environmental benefits. In China, there are two primary categories of ecological greenhouse agriculture (key promotion by the Ministry of Agriculture in 2002). The first category is the “four-in-one” ecological model combining crop planting, animal breeding, and biogas production within a greenhouse. It has evolved from individual family greenhouse facilities to village-based ecological greenhouse clusters, and then to industrialized biogas production from large-scale piggery, where pig manure is converted into biogas and integrated into the power grid. Biogas slurry is transported through pipelines to farmland, reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and improving soil quality. The system structure configuration, supporting technologies and equipments for planting and breeding are continuously being developed and improved. The second category is the ecological greenhouse agriculture model that adopts comprehensive ecological agricultural technologies. These technologies include various types of vertical and three-dimensional cultivation methods to increase land resource use efficiency, rotational cultivation technologies to reduce continuous cropping obstacles and pesticide usage in greenhouse vegetable production, healthy cultivation technologies involving the proper application of organic fertilizers to improve soil properties or the use of fermented agricultural and forestry wastes as organic substrate to provide nutrients to crops, ecological control technologies to reduce the occurrence of diseases, pests and weeds, such as insect-proof net covering, color board and light trap-killing, high-temperature sealing, steam disinfection, colored film covering soils, and biological control of natural enemy insects. It is expected that, through further research on related supporting equipments and technologies, the informatization and automation levels of ecological greenhouse agriculture can be improved, and thereby the sustainable development goal of greenhouse agriculture will be reached.

Data assimilation system integrates the advantages of remote sensing data and crop growth models, providing a powerful means for real-time monitoring of agricultural production conditions. This paper, built upon a brief introduction to remote sensing methods for crop yield estimation, specifically focused on four aspects: the development of data assimilation algorithms, the application potential of multi-source remote sensing data for data assimilation, the uncertainty of data assimilation system, and the scale effects of data assimilation system. In addition, to address the current state of agricultural applications, future efforts should thoroughly explore the advantages of multi-source remote sensing data, multi-crop growth model ensembles, and data algorithms. The ultimate goal is to establish a crop yield estimation model centered around mechanism model, thereby providing robust data and technical support for the formulation of sound field management strategies, the planning of cereal industry layouts, and the establishment of import and export trade policies.

Soil carbon is an important component of the terrestrial carbon pool, and carbon dynamic balance of input and output, mineralization and immobilization are critical factors in achieving carbon neutrality. Rhizosphere priming effect (RPE) refers to the fact that the presence of living plants significantly affects the carbon dynamics in the plant-soil system, with minor changes affecting soil-atmosphere carbon dynamics. Therefore, the RPE of crops is a vital factor in regulating carbon dynamics and carbon neutrality in farming land. Through a literature review, this paper first summarized the current research status of the effects of various biotic and abiotic factors on the RPE of crops during agricultural practices. Second, this paper summarized the hotspots and challenges in the current studies on the RPE of crops and analyzed their significance to the regulation of soil carbon emissions, elucidating that the existing studies were generally case-specific and lack of universal patterns. Finally, potential strategies for soil carbon regulation and management in agroecosystems were proposed based on the existing studies. This study pointed out the direction for the purposeful regulation of the RPE of crops in agricultural practices and the possible schemes in the field, planting mode and regional scale. This paper can provide theoretical references for eco-agricultural practices to help achieve carbon neutrality as a win-win solution while guaranteeing food security.

Urban vegetation is an important part of the urban environment, and remote sensing classification of urban vegetation is an important way to monitor and analyze urban green space. By sorting the research progress of remote sensing classification of urban vegetation at home and abroad, we started from two aspects of remote sensing data sources and classification methods, and analyzed the current problems and development trends in this field, in order to provide references for urban green space research. First, the applications of optical data, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data and ground sensing data in the remote sensing classification of urban vegetation were summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of different data sources were analyzed in depth. Second, the characteristics of classification methods applied in the remote sensing classification of urban vegetation were summarized through the study of three classification methods, including threshold segmentation, machine learning, and deep learning. Finally, the existing problems and future development directions in the remote sensing classification of urban vegetation were proposed.

Nanxun District of Huzhou City in Zhejiang Province is one of the most complete and largest areas of mulberry-dykes and fish-ponds, and the mulberry-dyke and fish-pond system in this area has been listed in the globally important agricultural heritage systems. With the development of the social economy, the change of consumer demand and the modernization of agricultural production, the production modes, economies and service values of mulberry-dyke and fish-pond system have undergone great changes. Using remote sensing images, socio-economic data and other data, we analyzed the spatio-temporal pattern evolution and driving factors of mulberry-dykes and fish-ponds in Nanxun District from 1975 to 2019. The results were as follows: 1) In terms of scale changes, fish ponds expanded rapidly; mulberry fields decreased significantly; paddy fields shrank dramatically; the scale of mulberry-dykes and fish-ponds decreased significantly; and the proportion of dyke-pond decreased seriously. In terms of morphological changes, fish ponds showed a trend of agglomeration and scaling, while mulberry fields and paddy fields showed a trend of fragmentation, and fish ponds gradually separated from the traditional mulberry-dyke and fish-pond system layout characteristics and existed independently. 2) From 2012 to 2019, the economic benefits of fish pond farming were much greater than those of silkworm breeding and rice planting, which was the main driving force leading to the obvious shrinkage of mulberry fields and paddy fields and the large-scale expansion of fish ponds. Therefore, it is necessary to further strengthen the protection and inheritance of the mulberry-dyke and fish-pond system through the establishment of globally important agricultural heritage systems, and it is also an important measure to support sustainable agricultural development in Nanxun District of Huzhou City.

Soil moisture is the basic condition for crop growth. A new retrieval algorithm for soil moisture was proposed based on C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from Gaofen-3 (GF-3) satellite, and soil moisture of agricultural fields with a regional scale spatial resolution of 8 m was obtained. First, the algorithm selected the optical vegetation water index based on PROSAIL model, measured vegetation canopy water content and Landsat-8 optical data. The parameters of water cloud model were calculated， and soil direct backscattering coefficients were obtained. Second, the radar backscattering influence mechanism was simulated using an advanced integral equation model (AIEM), and the combined roughness of soil surface was calculated based on the characteristics of radar data at high and low incidence angles. Finally, soil moisture was retrieved using co-polarization radar data from GF-3 satellite over agricultural fields, and this was verified with measured data. The results showed that there was a high consistency between the measured soil moisture and estimated soil moisture, and vertical-vertical (VV) polarization exhibited higher retrieval accuracy, with a determination coefficient of 0.595 6 and a root mean square error of 0.041 5 m³/m³. The results can provide algorithmic references for the GF-3 satellite to obtain high-resolution soil moisture information.

Green agriculture is a new model of modern agricultural development. The level of agricultural green development reflects the comprehensive strength of modern agriculture. By evaluating the level of agricultural green development in Henan Province, it can provide guidance for building a strong province of modern agriculture. The TOPSIS model based on the entropy-weighted method was used to construct a comprehensive evaluation index for agricultural green development, which included 14 indexes from the four dimensions of resource conservation, environmental friendliness, ecological conservation, and quality and efficiency. The dynamic changes of agricultural green development level were analyzed in Henan Province from 2007 to 2021, as well as the level of agricultural green development (based on the average values of 2019, 2020, and 2021) in its 18 jurisdiction cities. The results indicated that the comprehensive evaluation index of agricultural green development in Henan Province showed a fluctuating upward trend, but the index was still at a low level. In addition, the levels of agricultural green development among different cities in Henan Province were quite different, and those in the western regions were significantly lower than those in the other regions. According to the cluster analysis results, different cities in Henan Province could be divided into three types: zone Ⅰ (modern agricultural regions), zone Ⅱ (traditional agricultural regions), and zone Ⅲ (urban agricultural development regions). In summary, all regions should be based on local resource endowments and in response to the needs of national development strategies, adapt to local conditions, focus on breaking through weak links, and further promote the process of agricultural green development in Henan Province.

This study investigated the impact mechanism of rotational grazing on vegetation communities and soil arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities in mixed-sown artificial grassland ecosystems. Taking the mixed-sown artificial grasslands in Yanchi County of Ningxia as the experimental subject, we set up three different patterns of mixed-sown combinations using a one-way randomized block design: T1 (Bromus inermis Leyss.+Psathyrostachys juncea Nevski+Festuca rubra+Medicago sativa L.+Cichorium intybus L.), T2 (Elymus nutans Griseb.+Psathyrostachys juncea Nevski+Poa annua L.+Medicago sativa L.+Astragalus cicer L.), and T3 (Agropyron cristatum+Psathyrostachys juncea Nevski+Agropyron mongolioum Keng+Medicago sativa L.). Illumina high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were conducted to investigate the differences of AM fungal communities in the three mixed-sown artificial grassland ecosystems under grazing disturbance, and to analyze the relationships among the vegetation communities, soil physicochemical properties and AM fungal communities. The results indicated that two consecutive years of rotational grazing had a significant impact on the biomass of the vegetation communities. Compared with those after the first year of rotational grazing, the relative importance values of the leguminous vegetation communities decreased, but the relative importance values of the gramineous vegetation communities increased by 51.16%, 81.25% and 33.33%, respectively. Throughout both years, Glomus and Paraglomus were the dominant genera of AM fungi in the soil. Compared with that after the first year of rotational grazing, the Chao 1 index of the soil AM fungal community in the T1 treatment significantly decreased by 12.35% after two consecutive years of rotational grazing. Nevertheless, the Chao 1 index, Shannon-Wiener index, evenness index and species number of the soil AM fungal community in the T3 treatment significantly increased by 20.73%, 12.80%, 7.69% and 31.16%, respectively (P＜0.05), which indicates that the soil AM fungal community is more sensitive to grazing intensity during the T3 treatment. The soil AM fungal community structures spatially overlapped between the T1 and T2 treatments and separated between the T1 and T3 treatments with the increase of rotational grazing years. The environmental factors attributed to the alteration of AM fungal communities shifted from available phosphorus (p=0.006) and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (p=0.016) to vegetation community biomass (p=0.036) with the increase of rotational grazing years. After two consecutive years of rotational grazing disturbance, the effects of soil nutrients on soil AM fungal community richness diminished, whereas the effects of vegetation community diversity and biomass on soil AM fungal community richness and composition enhanced. In summary, different types of mixed-sown artificial grassland vegetation communities and soil AM fungal communities exhibit different response characteristics to rotational grazing. Among the three types of mixed-sown artificial grasslands, the combination of T3 is superior.

Camellia oleifera is the woody oil crop with the highest total oil production and the largest cultivated area in China. To improve the mining and utilization of C. oleifera excellent germplasm resources in China, this study used principal component analysis, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, nested analysis of variance, multiple regression analysis, the coefficient of variation, the phenotypic differentiation coefficient, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index to explore the diversity of phenotypic traits of 560 C. oleifera excellent germplasm resources and the correlation between the phenotypic traits and environmental factors. The 560 C. oleifera excellent germplasm resources were comprehensively evaluated and ranked using the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method. The results showed that there was abundant genetic variation in the 560 C. oleifera excellent germplasm resources, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity indexes of 34 phenotypic traits ranged from 0.05 to 2.35, with a mean value of 1.06, while the coefficients of variation for quantitative traits ranged from 3.02% to 53.33%, with a mean value of 23.25%. The mean values of the variance components among and within provenances of C. oleifera were 53.591% and 32.382%, respectively, indicating that the phenotypic trait similarity within provenances of C. oleifera excellent germplasm resources was high and that its variation mainly originated from within provenances. With the increase of latitude and decrease of annual mean temperature, the single fruit mass, seed kernel oil content and saturated fatty acid content of C. oleifera showed a decreasing trend, while the unsaturated fatty acid content showed an increasing trend, indicating that latitude and annual mean temperature were the main environmental factors limiting the growth of C. oleifera. The comprehensive evaluation and ranking results of the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method showed that Changlin 4 had the highest comprehensive score index, and Zhejiang, Yunnan, Anhui, Hunan regions had several selected excellent germplasms in the rank of top 30. These results can provide data support for breeding and seed promotionof C. oleifera.

Aquatic vegetable crops are a unique group of domesticated crops from the farming civilization of the Yangtze River Basin, and their wild relatives are valuable genetic resources for breeding and variety improvement. This study utilized online database information from the iPlant and the Chinese Virtual Herbarium to obtain the geographical distribution data of 36 wild relatives of 10 aquatic vegetable crops. We used the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) to construct an ecological niche model in conjunction with climatic factor data to predict future changes in species distributions. The results revealed that diversity hotspots for these wild relatives are concentrated in the Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake basins, aligning with the origin of the Yangtze River Basin farming civilization, indicating a historical proximity between the civilization and its plant resources. Under the climate scenario of future warming, the suitable distribution hotspots of wild relatives of aquatic vegetable crops may expand further, and the centers of diversity hotspots may migrate to high latitudes. This scenario could favor the maintenance and enhancement of wild relatives’ diversity, providing a theoretical basis for their conservation.

Diversified farming of crop cultivars is an effective measure for improving agroecosystem functions. However, there is still a lack of research on the effects of mixed planting of different cultivars on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study, rice was used as an example to explore the impact of intercropping of different cultivars on methane (CH₄) emissions through an in situ pot experiment. The cultivars Changnongjing No. 8 and Wandao No. 153, which have high CH₄ emissions, and the cultivars Suxiangjing No. 100 and Ⅱ-you No. 084, which have low CH₄ emissions, were selected as experimental materials. A total of eight treatments were set up in this study. The monocultures of four cultivars were as follows: the monoculture of Changnongjing No. 8 (referred to as CN), the monoculture of Wandao No. 153 (WD), the monoculture of Suxiangjing No. 100 (SX) and the monoculture of Ⅱ?you No. 084 (ⅡY). Additionally, intercropping systems were set up between two CH₄ high-emission cultivars and two CH₄ low-emission cultivars: intercropping of Changnongjing No. 8 and Suxiangjing No. 100 (CN+SX), intercropping of Changnongjing No. 8 and Ⅱ?you No. 084 (CN+ⅡY), intercropping of Wandao No. 153 and Suxiangjing No. 100 (WD+SX), and intercropping of Wandao No. 153 and Ⅱ?you No. 084 (WD+ⅡY). In the intercropping treatments, the two cultivars were planted at a ratio of 1∶1. The results showed that all the intercropping treatments either significantly increased or maintained rice yield, and that the CH₄ emissions varied significantly among the different intercropping treatments. Compared with the expected values, the CN+SX treatment resulted in a significant reduction in CH₄ emissions, while the CN+ⅡY and WD+ⅡY treatments significantly increased the CH₄ emissions. Compared with the monoculture of CH₄ high-emission cultivars, the intercropping of Suxiangjing No. 100 with two CH₄ high-emission cultivars significantly reduced the average abundance of the methanogenic archaeal mcrA gene during the growing season, but Ⅱ?you No. 084 had a significant effect only when intercropped with Wandao No. 153. For the intercropping treatments except CN+SX, the average abundance of the methanotrophic bacterial pmoA gene during the growing season was significantly lower than that of the corresponding monoculture. This study suggested that the intercropping of rice cultivars can enhance rice yield and also reduce CH₄ emissions, but the appropriate combinations of intercropped cultivars should be selected carefully.

Current agriculture faces the challenge of significantly increasing production to meet the needs of a large human population. Abiotic stresses, such as salinity, drought, and temperature extremes, severely impact plant growth, development and production. Brassica species, particularly Brassica napus L., are important worldwide sources of edible oil, biodiesel and animal feed. Understanding the genetic variation within the Brassica genus is crucial for developing new varieties (genotypes) adapted to different environmental conditions. This paper reviewed the recent advances on stress-resistant genes in B. napus both domestically and internationally, with a particular focus on emerging molecular breeding tools and technologies, including whole-genome association analysis, gene editing and other technologies. This study aimed to contribute to the exploration of high-yielding and stress-resistant genes in B. napus and to provide a research foundation and technical support for molecular breeding.

The infection of Nicotiana tabacum with potato virus Y (PVY) can cause tobacco vein disease, leading to a decrease in the tobacco leaf quality. The broad complex, tramtrack, and bric-à-brac/pox virus and zinc finger (BTB/POZ) family exists widely in plants and animals. It plays a very important role in various stages of plant growth and development. In this study, 90 proteins in the BTB/POZ family of N. tabacum were identified, corresponding to 71 genes. Among these protein sequences, nine conserved motifs were identified, and the members of the BTB/POZ family were divided into six subfamilies according to the order of their appearance. Domain analysis showed that the domains of members of the same subfamily in BTB/POZ are consistent. The three-dimensional (3D) conformation of the BTB/POZ protein was predicted based on the amino acid sequence. All the members of the subfamily are mainly structured with α helixes, and the 3D conformations of members of the same subfamily are similar. Analysis of the BTB/POZ family gene expression patterns of N. tabacum K326 and mutant M867 (anti-PVY) showed that the expression levels of NtBTB2K, NtBTB2L, NtBTB2M and NtBTB6E increased significantly after inoculation with PVY, which may be related to the strong resistance of N. tabacum M867 to PVY. Cis-acting element analysis showed that the 2 000 bp upstream region of NtBTB2K, NtBTB2L, NtBTB2M and NtBTB6E contained several stress responsive elements, including TCA-element and MYB-binding site, which may be related to the upregulated expression of these genes. This study provides a theoretical basis for the study of BTB/POZ protein function, and provides a reference for disease resistance of tobacco breeding.

With the continuous advancement of ecological and green agricultural construction, environmentally friendly and low-toxicity biopesticides have been widely developed and utilized. This study investigated the control efficiencies of different active ingredient dosages of avermectin and jinggangmycin (A&J) mixture on major rice diseases and pests via both laboratory tests and field tests. The results revealed significant synergistic effects of the A&J mixture on killing Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, rice planthoppers (Sogatella furcifera and Nilaparvata lugens), Chilo suppressalis, Tryporyza incertulas and Nephotettix bipunctatus. This synergism can partially neutralize the resistance of pathogenic fungus and pests, thereby prolonging the duration of pesticide use. The toxic effects of the A&J mixture on Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Naranga aenescens were found to be similar to those of avermectin alone. Therefore, the A&J mixture has the potential to improve the prevention and control capacities to major rice diseases and pests, and it is a green prevention and control method that is worthy of widespread promotion and application.