Regulation of hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase genes expression at norm and pathology.

The increasing of glycolysis in tumors under aerobic conditions is known as Warburg phenomenon; the activity of the pentose phosphate pathway increases also significantly. The pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis, especially their first steps, and the regulatory enzyme 6-phosphofrukto-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase are influenced by cell signaling systems such as the system of circadian clock, the system of hypoxia-inducible factor and unfolded protein response system, that allow malignant cells to adapt to stress factors such as hypoxia, ischemia and influence of low molecular agents. The review enlightens the impact of signaling systems on the key enzymes of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway gene expression in normal cells and in malignant cells, and their importance for survival of malignant cells under stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]