Main problems and ways of development of cellular technologies based on mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage tissue restoration

Due to the restricted capacity of resident chondrocytes to regenerate the injury of cartilage tissue, stem cell-based therapies have been proposed as a novel therapeutic approach for cartilage repair. Thanks to their properties mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising resource for cellular biotechnologies. The better understanding of the mechanisms of articular cartilage repair can expand the possibilities of using MSCs in regenerative medicine. In this review, we have considered the possible ways of cartilage restoration by the use of MSCs. We have analyzed the possibility of reducing hypertrophy in MSCs after differentiation in vitro and enhancing functional properties of engineered cartilage by creating zonally-tailored structures. We also have discussed and compared the characteristics of MSCs obtained from different sources and the necessity of cellular induction before the introduction.