Research progress on H-E stained whole slide image analysis by artificial intelligence in lung cancer

Pathology is the gold standard for diagnosis of neoplastic diseases. Whole slide imaging turns traditional slides into digital images, and artificial intelligence has shown great potential in pathological image analysis, especially deep learning models. The application of artificial intelligence in whole slide imaging of lung cancer involves many aspects such as histopathological classification, tumor microenvironment analysis, efficacy and survival prediction, etc., which is expected to assist clinical decision-making of accurate treatment. Limitations in this field include the lack of precisely annotated data and slide quality varying among institutions. Here we summarized recent research in lung cancer pathology image analysis leveraging artificial intelligence and proposed several future directions.