Scaling considerations and optimal control for an offshore wind powered direct air capture system

The optimal design and operation of an offshore wind powered direct air capture (DAC) system is complex owing to the intermittent energy supply and the modularity of the units. A solid amine DAC process involves multiple individual units which undergo periodic loading to capture carbon dioxide (CO _2 ) from ambient air, followed by regeneration to produce pure CO _2 for utilisation or sequestration. The modular nature of a solid DAC process is exploited in this study to investigate the optimal design and coordinated operation of multiple DAC units mounted on a single 15 MW offshore wind turbine platform, with battery energy storage for additional short term power buffering. Important design parameters considered include the number of independently controllable units, the cyclic capacity of each unit (proportional to the amount of adsorbent) and the battery capacity and maximum power ratings. The design study results highlighted the diminishing returns to the CO _2 capture rate with scaling, with a full design optimisation based upon cost estimations left for future work as the technology matures. It was found the optimal configuration was 14 DAC units, each with a cyclic capacity of 2000 kg $_{\mathrm{CO}_2}$ , giving a total annual capture rate of 45 600 ton yr ^−1 and a wind utilisation factor of 96.6%. Furthermore, it was found that a rules-based control strategy based on high and low loading limits was competitive with a machine learning based controller and outperformed a model predictive control scheme.